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- <text id=90TT2077>
- <title>
- Aug. 06, 1990: In Search Of Artificial Life
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Aug. 06, 1990 Just Who Is David Souter?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- TECHNOLOGY, Page 64
- In Search of Artficial Life
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Some scientists believe that things inside their computers are
- actually alive. What's really scary is that it may be true
- </p>
- <p>By Philip Elmer-Dewitt
- </p>
- <p> They are born. They live their brief life. The fittest of
- them survive long enough to produce offspring. Over time their
- descendants evolve, adapting to changes in their environment.
- Or they fail to adapt and become extinct. They behave, in
- short, just like living things--except that they are not
- flesh and blood but programs that inhabit the memory of a
- computer.
- </p>
- <p> Can something that "lives" inside a computer really be
- alive? That is the bizarre question at the heart of
- artificial-life research, a fast-growing scientific field that
- seeks to illuminate the nature of life by recreating lifelike
- behavior in nonliving systems. In laboratories around the
- world, scientists tapping at computer keyboards are creating
- electronic versions of biological entities--proteins,
- microbes, ants--that bear a striking resemblance to their
- living counterparts. In the process, the researchers are
- raising questions that touch on some of biology's most enduring
- mysteries: How does nature create order from chaos? How did
- life emerge from nonlife? What does it mean to be alive?
- </p>
- <p> The most notorious computer life-forms are the electronic
- viruses that have been injected, inadvertently or maliciously,
- into computer networks. Like real viruses, these programs are
- strings of instructional code that have the ability to infect
- a host computer and reproduce without restraint, sometimes
- causing considerable damage. But computer viruses are not
- really alive. They do not evolve or metabolize. And they are
- created, fully formed, by human programmers. The proponents of
- artificial life want their life-forms to create themselves, to
- emerge from nonliving components just as life on earth arose
- from the primordial ooze.
- </p>
- <p> Nobody claims to have created true artificial life--yet.
- But some have come intriguingly close. Christopher Langton, a
- researcher at New Mexico's Los Alamos National Laboratory, gets
- credit for coining the term artificial life. He was fiddling
- in the mid-'80s with programs known as cellular automata when
- he stumbled on a loop-shaped figure that could spontaneously
- reproduce itself. "That was a watershed," he says. "If you
- could capture self-reproduction, what else could you do?"
- </p>
- <p> Today hundreds of people are exploring that question. At
- Bellcore, the research affiliate of the Bell telephone
- companies, David Ackley makes little creatures with humanoid
- faces that roam around a computer-simulated world consuming
- resources, evading predators and multiplying like rabbits. At
- UCLA David Jefferson and Robert Collins have created colonies
- of randomly generated "ants" that over many generations evolve
- the ability to navigate electronic mazes and search for symbols
- representing food.
- </p>
- <p> Not all artificial life-forms are confined to a computer
- screen. At M.I.T.'s mobile robot lab (also known as the
- "artificial insect lab"), Rodney Brooks is building tiny
- six-legged creatures that are controlled by interconnected
- computer chips and that display behavior (scurrying for cover,
- stalking prey) that seems quite purposeful.
- </p>
- <p> Are these things alive? That depends on how the term is
- defined. Surprisingly, there is no clear definition of "life."
- Most of the criteria put forward in the past are
- anthropocentric. Life on earth is carbon-based and built around
- the nucleic acids RNA and DNA, but that may be a historical
- accident. Most living things metabolize and multiply, but not
- all. Viruses have no metabolisms of their own; mules cannot
- reproduce. Many living things grow, but so do clouds and
- garbage dumps.
- </p>
- <p> Still, most people have an intuitive sense of what it means
- to be alive. They know life when they see it. That is what is
- so disturbing about a good computer simulation. Take Craig
- Reynolds' flocking birds. By specifying a couple of simple
- rules--keep a few wings' distance from your neighbors, try
- to fly as fast as they do--Reynolds, a computer scientist at
- Symbolics, Inc., got bird-shaped objects on a screen to exhibit
- a flocking behavior that is absolutely convincing. The birds
- are artificial, but the flocking is real.
- </p>
- <p> It is the same with life in general. Contends Langton:
- "Artificial life will be genuine life. It will simply be made
- of different stuff." This is the leap of faith made by a
- growing number of scientists, many of whom are associated with
- the Sante Fe Institute, a research facility that is the center
- of the artificial-life movement. "They feel like they are
- taking the first step into taboo territory," says Steven Levy,
- a New York City-based author who is writing a book on
- artificial life. "It's almost a religion."
- </p>
- <p> Like religion, artificial life has evolved certain tenets.
- One is that lifelike behavior cannot be imposed from the top
- down. Rather, it emerges from the bottom up, like flocking
- among birds, when large numbers of parts obey a few simple
- rules. Another principle, derived from recent advances in the
- theory of chaos, is that when a system is sufficiently complex--like the mix of chemicals in the primordial sea--a
- lifelike order will spontaneously emerge.
- </p>
- <p> Scientists have begun to think of possible uses for
- adaptive, self-replicating machines--cleaning up toxic
- wastes, perhaps, or exploring outer space. There is a danger,
- though, that such machines could multiply uncontrollably, like
- the viruses that have disrupted computer networks. Doyne
- Farmer, a physicist at the Los Alamos lab, points to a
- cautionary science-fiction tale by Stanislaw Lem. In Lem's
- Fiasco, space explorers discover a Saturn-like planet with a
- ring around it. On closer inspection, the ring turns out to be
- a swarm of attack satellites and killer robots, part of a "star
- wars" defense shield that had reproduced itself over and over
- again. Artificial life, says Farmer, could turn out to be man's
- most beautiful creation. Or, like Lem's swarming robots, it
- could be a nightmare.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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-